Mengke Zhu
IL CLASSICISMO MUSICALE
Evoluzione delle forme: dallo stile galante allo stile classico
Lo stile classico rappresenta una svolta molto importante rispetto allo stile musicale del ventennio precedente, quello collocato subito dopo la grande stagione barocca e affermatosi sotto il nome di stile galante (leggero, ottimistico, brillante ma non virtuosistico) oppure, nella variante seria, sotto il nome di stile empfindsamer (sensibile, espressivo, patetico): tale
stile, infatti, aveva comunque costituito una evidente tendenza alla semplificazione linguistica, alla semplicità melodico-armonica, alla linearità formale. Certo, lo stile galante/empfindsamer （ＷＥＢ ＬＩＮＫ）aveva pur contribuito al superamento della stagione barocca: l’abbandono del basso continuo, la riduzione degli elementi tematici, la snellezza dell’impianto formale, la regolarità fraseologica, sono tutti elementi che, semplificando la fertile molteplicità (la “varietas”) barocca, tuttavia avevano avviato - nel clima della nuova cultura illuminista - quel processo di razionalizzazione formale e quella dialettica tra gli elementi tematici che verranno ereditati dal nuovo stile musicale, soprattutto
strumentale, viennese e, di riflesso, europeo.
Importato dalla Francia e dall'Italia, fu sentito presto nel sud: questa espressività, leggera ed elegante, venne presto usata soprattutto dai clavicembalisti, e contrastava nettamente con il carattere più grave della musica contrappuntistica del nord, dando poi il via alla Scuola Viennese in cui figurano Haydn ed il grande genio di Mozart.
Lo stile galante tendeva ad una forma espressiva semplice eppure evocativa: inizialmente confinato alla musica da camera, influenzò generi di più vasto respiro, come la messa ed il melodramma: una delle conseguenze fu il lento imporsi della sonata sulla suite. Precursori: apoteosi del classicismo. La musica tedesca del periodo fu fortemente influenzata dalla musica italiana a Vienna. A quel tempo l'Austria iniziava a diventare una grande potenza, per cui la cultura della città venne fortemente ampliata nelle arti, soprattutto dalla corte imperiale, ma anche dalla nuova borghesia, con il solito contributo della Chiesa. La musica tedesca restava dunque ancorata alle sue tradizioni, ma sentiva l'influenza culturale dell'Italia: un esempio si ha in Johann Joseph Fux, Kapellmeister di corte: nella musica sacra rimase fedele a Palestrina, mentre nelle composizioni profane incluse molte innovazioni della musica italiana dell'epoca, che a quei tempi comprese autori del calibro di Tommaso Albinoni, Benedetto Marcello, Alessandro e Domenico Scarlatti, e Antonio Vivaldi. In parallelo a Vienna emerse un altro centro musicale, che contribuì a questa nuova formazione culturale.
Importante è anche il contributo che, sul terreno del nuovo sinfonismo, portano i
compositori della “scuola di Mannheim” (in particolare Johann Stamitz e il figlio Carl, a capo della celebre orchestra: affermazione del “crescendo”, melodismo ben disegnato, ritmi maestosi e marcati) o il milanese Giovanni Battista Sammartini (motivi accattivanti, archi con arpeggi spezzati e note ribattute, stile piacevole). Non c’è alcun dubbio, però, che rispetto alla breve stagione “galante” (tra gli esponenti ricordiamo i figli di Bach, Wilhelm Friedemann, Johann Christian e Carl Philipp Emanuel, ma anche Couperin, Quantz, Telemann, Galuppi, Boccherini, etc.), il periodo classico （ＷＥＢ ＬＩＮＫ）segna un forte progresso dello status professionale del compositore: la forma-sonata, razionale e pianificata, appare notevolmente più ricca e originale, specie nella sezione dello “sviluppo”, rispetto allo schematismo canonico; la dialettica tematica sempre più accesa e drammatizzata, il percorso armonico progressivamente più ardito e, soprattutto, il recupero della complessità architettonica e delle risorse linguistiche, sonore e persino espressive del grande contrappunto libero e imitato, segnano la riaffermazione dell’alta professionalità del
compositore. 
MP3Vienna "classical" style
Had a presence in the history of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven to some extent also by the common form of the " classical style " , agree with this view of people than existed in favor of " classical period " of the people is more prevalent ( International Music Association 1961 New York Congress ) . Another view is more consistent contribution to the creation of this style of Haydn made more than any other person . Eighteen seventies he put inventiveness sweet , beautiful tunes (galant- gorgeous style ) with his reluctant previously , but had to use advanced techniques to be integrated on the bit , so a breakthrough in the art. Around 1775 , he abandoned the " sentimentalism " (Empfindsamkeit（ＷＥＢ ＬＩＮＫ）) singular kind of pretentious taste and the " Sturm und Drang movement（ＷＥＢ ＬＩＮＫ）" usual apocalyptic mood, in his own musical language in CPE Bach's music has absorbed fantasy and narrative themes (redende Thematik) and its development skills. In the eighteenth century Mozart seventies closely follow Haydn wrote his quartet and symphony , the title six quartets dedicated to Haydn's enough to prove an intimate relationship between them. In terms of consolidated other creative techniques from both of them have done : In the performance of the theme , using a variety of strength and orchestral colors ( which may be the traditional music of Mannheim School ) ; use of rhythm, especially the use of rhythm and sound to arrange large-scale musical form of the structure ; resulting in greater use of swapping music relaxation and downs, and witty, clever , in a manner typical of Austria will blend comedy and seriousness (Northern crusade against such a strong critic of Germany mixing phenomenon they are firmly opposed to any blend of opera and comic opera style on ) . Haydn's instrumental works in the eighteenth century has been widely published in the seventies and the opportunity to spread . Just as when he left for England to tell Mozart as the world became familiar with the language of his music . This is Mozart did, especially his concertos and operas, even under the most stringent definition ( above the second interpretation ) is also called a " classical " in .
Haydn string quartet op77 no.1 and no.2
In fact, these two composers , even according to the first interpretation of " strict form " to measure , there are said to be full of classical qualifications . They have great skill is obvious, smooth strokes , can easily adaptable to fit the situation , but always willing to maintain a certain routine , at least not to deviate too far from it , which is aimed at pleasing the public and make it easier to understand , this is Pierre (Henry Peyre) called " classical " Attitude logo. Pierre further argument , regardless of the field of classical artists or periods , always cooperative attitude with their audience to work , trying to satisfy their hopes , not afraid to adapt or submissive social situation . Haydn pleasing aspects of the general public initially Bimozhate more successful , you can use the words of Mozart himself said it, he is " all kinds of ears - except on deaf ears " and composer . This very well with the audience expectations of the relationship between Haydn and Mozart can explain why so many in the creation of a production . They precisely in order to meet this requirement creates hundreds of works enrich count all music genres ( In this sense , it is precisely because of all proficient in a variety of genres , which makes the composer Mozart in order to fully become the outstanding figures ) . They have a huge production capacity , as an exception , first, because they hold a professional craftsman -like realistic attitude. Mozart had once homely language used to describe the people how he was composer . Boccherini（ＰＤＦ） (Boccherini), Clementi , Ge Saike and many other masters was also like this prolific . Haydn authoring while accepting certain conventional , but still does not prevent contemporaries recognized . Symphony for his originality and very dramatic in nature. In their sounds simple , straight like to speak like. Gray Terry (Gretry) ( memoirs , 1789 ) had urged them regarded as a model of the opera composer , he Haydn corollary from a single motive so rich in rare ability Enthone expressed surprise .Momini to make Haydn's " Drum Symphony"（ＰＤＦ） content further dramatic, had deliberated published a detailed manual in 1806 .
Goebel (Gerber)（ＰＤＦ） in his edited "Encyclopedia"（ＰＤＦ） (Lexikon, 1790 year) was outlined in the style of Haydn symphonies: "When his band started playing, all the instruments are talking each slave sound. part in the works of other composers might be irrelevant, through his skilful hand, tend to become a pivotal part of the main, he skillfully holds every exquisite technique, even though it originally comes from the old Gothic period for bit Haydn scholar as long as there worth mentioning that we need to carry out the deployment of hearing, it immediately becomes rather flattering look Siban Ban original music he has so often become intimate exquisite artistry;. Thus , although what kind of bit sophisticated techniques have, he still got each musician welcomed and loved. "
Haydn rely on ready-made situation folk tunes is relatively small, but from the earliest Divertimento type of work to the "Four Seasons" , there is no shortage of very strong local color tone , this tone to his musical texture added vigor .
His art mean to be widely appealing, and has also been recognized as such . Mozart also recognizes that the public should be difficult to understand and popular but tend to be found a modest venue to display their skill ( see December 1782 28 mesh correspondence ) between stereotypes. The attitude and Beethoven at first very close to both of them , stand on creation. Chi also make the public feel happy , ( especially involving piano works ) ; places in orchestral style, he places Haydn just left as a starting point . French Revolution . Set off a wave of his music also has a strong impact , but also help to capture the sublime tonal qualities , which go beyond the meaning in his music since the " Eroica " （ＰＤＦ）the art of the future play an increasingly important role . After the master in the end is near maturity , " classical " it is closer to the " romantic " , which had long debated the future will continue to argue . In the eyes of his contemporaries , his life style that he is the most romantic . Some people have long noted that his music has "the pursuit of the mysterious and melancholic tendencies" ( Saifulide , 1799 ) . Due to the increasingly introverted personality during his later years , away from the public, Beethoven deviated from the ideal of a " classical " art : the emotional exchange of plain . Paul (Jean Paul) believes that Beethoven seems to be a " romantic " artist, his laissez-faire unruly , sloppy , eccentric temperament , and then Germany with a group of young " scholars " (litter-ateurs) has started to spread to other personality characteristics. But that does not mean much . Because whatever they think is rich in phenomena , and full color moving things, including Haydn, Mozart , including , of course, will be considered a " romantic " (eg EFA Hoffman （ＷＥＢ LINK) . For the purposes of creative attitude , Beethoven beyond Haydn, Mozart part of the performance of the relative reduction in work output , while correspondingly increasingly conscious pursuit of originality - requires that each have their own works as a whole, the content comes from the struggle , and full of personality and expression of language to express . Perhaps because aggressively pursue emotional performance. Shall be in the kind of real classical humble manners and treat and arts , consciously restrained attitude stands in stark contrast. After people would imagine Beethoven Mozart collar spit extremely "Pathetique " music will be treated like a response style made the same: " sublime , moving, how praise can be, but for my delicate ears it seems too exaggerated and luxurious . " or whether , as he listened to the positive Schweitzer opera" Rosamond " published after the kind of views. "What seemed unnatural , everything is exaggerated , each part are badly written ." Mozart has repeatedly stressed that no expression of barely more than a modest sense , Enthone before and after ("if fi1o") have to be connected natural and smooth.
Tel ETA to Vienna ( 1760,1763 ) and Mannheim ( 1762 ) wrote that the tragedy of several works on the field of climbing the peak , Hai Yinze (Heinse) In addition to these fine praise "for the classic" and " worthy Bimei ancient tragedy ", the lack of a better adjective . Neapolitans about relationships before and after 1760 , it is clear that there are between Tel ETA and later Bohemian Gluck had the kind of artists like Haydn and Mozart mutual inspiration between each other 's experience ; As a result, the future of Vienna prominence has thus begun. Like Tel ETA as ; Gluck in the seventeenth century, the fifties also bear a lot of thought in the French drama with music . His melodious and popular comic opera with music by to learn the tunes requested this genre , which is the external form and nature with its consistent . His contact with the French ballet , opera, plus the creation of a positive experience , so that he has enough capital to go beyond national boundaries to create a new musical tragedy. He created in " Orpheus and Ulysses Dixie " ( Vienna, 1762 ) is an extraordinary novel conception , because the poet( plus choreographer Ann coke Lini ) and stage set designer Quagga Leo 's important cooperation in the overall art form of opera performance, achieved great success in the performance of the new wave of style is very serious . Gluck contemporaries considered infinite vastness of space and time to master is a landmark creation : say in the opera " Orfeo " There hell and heaven scene two mutually antagonistic , they also appreciate his music to portray good skills ( this was later engaged in writing music that composers drama, dance and dramatic symphonic poems have had some impact ) .
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"Austrian Africa and Europe and Youli Dixie ," published in Paris in 1764 did not cause a big stir. Early years that were later called " Rococo " style almost overnight was abandoned . As the figure even (De la Touche) of " Iffy Ji Tao Reed in Nigeria " ( 1757 ) come out , people have turned their attention to the drama of the "Greek simplicity " (Greet simplicidy); Green and Diderot are it praised this drama because it " damages the date of this genre ornate style tricks are all ghosts repression down ." But Greene failed to believe in opera would make the same results, but also because of his non-Italian musician prejudiced , so he was not seen in Gluck 's score due to nostalgia and ancient glorious and want to have a similar transition , namely the pursuit of simple, solemn and sad without rendering grab . After only later Gluck achieved great success in Paris individuals , only to Greene admits his music is indeed a breakthrough for the previous boundaries , beyond the imagination of Al Mehta Costa Theo Kade , and to achieve that in other kinds of art praised by his serious , solemn .
These two operas , plus Gluck in the eighteenth century, '70s Paris wrote ( Terry Gray had been diagnosed as " classic" of ) a masterpiece , forms the basis of musical tragedy to continue development. Piccinni , Salieri and Sa Jini moving opera written by the French , and Mei Xu Le Seoul in Seoul and opera , as the province was to make this opera tradition continues, until Cherubini 's "Beauty Di Asia "(Medee, 1797 year) come out, this tradition has finally grown to play tight magnificent climax. " America autumn Asia" was borrowed from the opera both French and Italian opera in different styles between the two countries , but also had to absorb Haydn symphonies development practices. In addition, it has also produced Beethoven had a powerful influence . Le Xu Seoul in explaining his " Death of Adam " (Mort d'Adam, 1798 years) , and released a statement , which describes the specific attitude of the whole school : he had " deliberately avoided all seemingly gothic music ingredients, and the blind pursuit of ancient noble taste, the result is the purpose of writing this work is not for a home or a people of the nation, more precisely, the brotherhood of all mankind . " Similarly, Rousseau I believe he invented the musical drama (melodrame) makes Ancient Greek recitation with musical accompaniment (melopee) got life again . Although there are a variety of ideas previously , apparently also had to consider the ancient lips ( subsection (3 ) kinds of interpretation ) related to the " classical " about the meaning of the music , because that is what the musicians thought I was . European literature and art all kinds of " classical " are not contradictory , they are a bit like a layer of flocking to the same shore, waves, this layer built on top of the other , as an art form often get another sister artistic nourishment and mutual benefits have been the same . If the mid-eighteenth century without generating the kind of " Sturm und Drang movement" and " romantic classicism " baptism of fire upheaval , there would be no Vienna " classical " obtained achievements. Fortunately, those who dare to change the most , full of creative people, in order to explore their innocence and raw passion for antiquity , with like Al Kade style " classical " as a strength , not only to resort to the French " classicism , if necessary " achievement, but also through them . Take Mozart's " Yiduomeiniu " (Idomeneo) so that a later development of his art work has a decisive significance , it is not difficult to see where the contribution from each era , but did not therefore make this opera lost its purity . Coherent or tragic and dignified, elegant. Mozart in " Yiduomeiniu " where was the first time the motivation and tonal control throughout the entire opera was so handy to use the CCP . To every detail and the overall relationship was so carefully arranged , the situation compared to Hasse and " panache " period that the series of tonality is more casually linked together , you can think that it is full of " classical " approach . Haydn in his later period also do the same organic unity. " Genesis " (The creation) and "The Four Seasons " (The Seasons) is superb , consummate , this two immortal as he calmly for his lifetime of hard work to write a summary , but which is also fully reflects his life-long stick , ingrained feelings of admiration of nature .
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