After decades of Haydn string quartets on the creation of this musical form , and gradually established its basic creative skills as well as four movements of the overall architecture. He said his early works are "multi- part Divertimento " or " four voices Divertimento " in these early works , although many still in the immature stage of exploration , but in the process has gradually established Haydn the string quartet form of music . Op.33（web link） 1772 years or so is Haydn String Quartet successful start in the field , and since then has laid a structure in the form of " classical string quartet " (classical string quartet) are :Haydn String Quartet founding principal classical structure :
First movement : sonata form（web link） , fast and melody ; (1st movement: Sonata Form, Allegro, in the tonic（web link） key ;)
The second movement : a variety of musical form , slowly , is transferred ; (2nd movement: Slow, in the dominant（web link） key ;)
3rd movement: minuet , medium-speed , melody ; (3rd movement: Minuet and Trio, in the tonic key ;)
4th movement: swing sonata form , fast and melody ; (4th movement: Sonata-Rondo form,（web link） in the tonic key.)
ＳＴＲＩＮＧ ＱＵＡＲＴＥＴ ＯＰ６４
Joseph Haydn's string quartets（ＰＤＦ）, Op. 64 is a set of six string quartets composed in 1790. Along with six earlier quartets published under the opus numbers 54 and 55, they are known as the Tost quartets, after the Hungarian violinist and later merchant Johann Tost who helped Haydn find a publisher for the works. Unlike the earlier quartets, Haydn actually dedicated the Op. 64 set to Tost in gratitude for his effortsList of Opus 64 quartets
- Quartet No. 48 in C major, Op. 64, No. 1, FHE No. 31, Hoboken No. III:65
- Quartet No. 49 in B minor, Op. 64, No. 2, FHE No. 32, Hoboken No. III:68
- Quartet No. 50 in B♭ major, Op. 64, No. 3, FHE No. 33, Hoboken No. III:67
- Quartet No. 51 in G major, Op. 64, No. 4, FHE No. 34, Hoboken No. III:66
- Quartet No. 52 in E♭ major, Op. 64, No. 6, FHE No. 36, Hoboken No. III:64
- Quartet No. 53 in D major ("The Lark"), Op. 64, No. 5, FHE No. 35, Hoboken No. III:63
Quartet in D major, Hob.III:63 (No.5)
MP3 II. Adagio cantabile
MP3 III. Menuetto allegretto
MP3 IV.Finale vivace
MP3 Quartet in E-flat major, Hob.III:64 (No.6)
String Quartets, Op. 76 (Haydn)
Joseph Haydn's string quartets, Op. 76 were composed in 1796 or 1797 and dedicated to the Hungarian（ＰＤＦ） Count Joseph Georg Erasmus Adrian Gabriel Michael Anton Franz von Erdödy (1754–1824). The six quartets are the last complete set that Haydn composed. At the time of the commission, Haydn was employed at the court ofPrince Nicolaus Esterházy（ＰＤＦ） II; around the same time he composed his annual mass for Princess Maria Hermenegild Esterházy and the oratorio（ＰＤＦ） The Creation（ＰＤＦ）.
Although the quartets were completed by 1797, shown by accounts of visitors hearing them performed in early 1797, because of an exclusivity agreement with Count Erdödy, they were not published until 1799.Correspondence between Haydn and his publishers reveal that there was confusion regarding the release of his quartets; the composer promised the London publishing house of Messrs. Longman Clementi & Co. first publishing rights, but a lack of communication with the firm led Haydn to worry that a Vienna publication might accidentally release the complete set of quartets first, causing him to lose money from London. Indeed, they were published almost simultaneously by Clementi in London and Artaria in Vienna in 1799.
These quartets are among Haydn's most ambitious chamber works, deviating more than previous quartets from the expected sonata form, and emphasizing thematic continuity, seamlessly and continually passing motives from one instrument to another.
Opus 76, No. １
This G major quartet is numbered variously as No. 60, No. 40 (in the FHE) and No. 75 (in the Hoboken catalogue（ＰＤＦ）, where its full designation is Hob.III:75). It consists of four movements:
- Allegro con spirito
- Adagio sostenuto
- Menuetto. Presto
- Allegro ma non troppo
Although its opening key signature indicates that the work is in G major, the quartet moves in and out of G minor, and the last movement begins in the key of G minor.
The first movement, in G major alla breve, is a sonata form. After a short introduction, the exposition begins in measure 3, ending in the dominant key of D major in measure 88. The development section lasts from measure 89-139, with the recapitulation beginning in G major in measure 140.
The second movement is in the key of C major in 2/4 time, again in sonata form. The movement has a hymn-like character and has been compared with the slow movements of Mozart's Jupiter symphony（ＰＤＦ） and Haydn's own 99th symphony（ＰＤＦ）.
The third movement in G major is the minuet, but notable for a minuet of this time period, it is marked Presto giving the feeling of a true scherzo. The Trio is more lyrical and features the first violin playing a Ländler（ＰＤＦ） against pizzicato accompaniment.
The finale is in cut time and sonata form and is in dark G minor which is quite unexpected for a major key quartet. Bright G major returns for the coda of the movement—and the quartet—as the first violin plays a light and jaunty dance tune against pizzicato accompaniment.
Opus 76, No. 2
This quartet in D minor is numbered as No. 61, No. 41 (in the FHE) and Hob.III:76, this quartet is known as Quinten (or Fifths) which refers to the falling perfect fifths that start the quartet. The movements are:
- Allegro
- Andante o più tosto allegretto
- Menuetto. Allegro ma non troppo
- Vivace assai
The first movement is in D minor, common time and sonata form. The falling fifths motif dominates the exposition and is featured heavily in the development using inversion, stretto and other devices.
The second movement is a ternary variation form in D major and 6/8 time.
The minuet (in D minor) and trio (in D major) are in 3/4 time. This movement has been called the Witches' Minuet. The minuet is a two-part canon: the two violins play (in parallel octaves) above the viola and cello (also playing in parallel octaves) who follow one measure behind the violins. Haydn previously used a two-part canon with the lower string trailing the upper strings by a single bar in the minuet of his 44th Symphony.（PDF）
The last movement is in D minor in 2/4 time and in sonata allegro form. It ends in D major.
This quartet inspired the initial name of the Nevsky String Quartet（PDF）, which was originally called "The Quinten Quartet
Opus 76, No. 3
The Quartet No. 62 in C major, Op. 76, No. 3, boasts the nickname Emperor, because in the second movement, Haydn quotes the melody from "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser"（WEB LINK） ("God Save Emperor Francis"), an anthem he wrote for Emperor Francis II（WEB LINK）. This same melody is known to modern listeners for its later use in the German national anthem, Deutschlandlied（WEB LINK）. The quartet consists of four movements:
The first movement of the quartet is in the home key of C major, in common time, and is written in sonata form. The second movement, in G major cut time, is instrophic（WEB LINK) variation form, with the "Emperor's Hymn" as the theme. The third movement, in C major and A minor, is a standard minuet and trio. The fourth movement, in C minor and C Major, is in sonata form.
Samuel Adler（WEB LINK） has singled out this work's second movement as an outstanding example of how to score for string instruments, observing of the movement's final variation:
This is a wonderful lesson in orchestration, for too often the extremes in the range are wasted too early in a work, and the final buildup is, as a result, anticlimactic. The other formal factor to notice is that the entire structure is an accumulation of the elements which have slowly entered the harmonic and contrapuntal scheme in the course of the variations and have become a natural part of the statement [i.e. theme].
Opus 76, No. 4
The Quartet No. 63 in B flat major, Op. 76, No. 4, is nicknamed Sunrise due to the rising theme over sustained chords that begins the quartet. It consists of four movements:
- I. Allegro con spirito
- II. Adagio
- III. Menuetto. Allegro
- IV. Finale. Allegro, ma non troppo
Analysis of the first movement
Exposition
The opening of the movement begins in a way that seemingly contradicts the allegro con spirito marking. Violin II, viola, and cello sustain a tonic chord while the first violin plays the melody (the "sunrise" motif) on top. In measure 7, the same instruments sustain a dominant 7th chord while the first violin again plays a rising solo on top. In measure 22, all instruments reach forte, and allegro con spirito character is apparent through the 16th-note movement and livelystaccato eighth-notes trading off between the parts. In measure 37, the opening sunrise theme returns, this time with the solo in the cello and the sustained chords in the violins and viola. The lively 16th-note section returns in measure 50, beginning with 16th-notes in the cello which move to the viola, and finally, the violins. In measure 60, all instruments drop to piano for a six-measure staccato eighth-note section before jumping to an all 16th-note ff in measure 66 to finish off the exposition.
Development
The development in measure 69 begins with the same texture as does the opening of the movement—with the 2nd violin, viola, and cello sustaining a chord while the 1st violin plays a solo on top. The first chord, sustained from bars 69-72, is a d minor chord, the relative minor of the dominant F major. The second chord, sustained from bars 75-79, is an F sharp diminished seventh chord, resolving to G minor in measure 80, which signifies the return of trading moving 16th-notes. The following 5 measures revolve around G minor, only to modulate to E-flat major in measure 86. The major tonality lasts but two measures, as it shifts to F minor in measure 88, F sharp diminished in 89, and G minor in measure 90. In measure 96, the violins play staccato eighth-notes followed by eighth note rests, while the viola and cello fill in the violins' eighth note rests with their own eighth notes. This sets up a pattern for the rest of the development section, in which one instrument, mainly the 1st violin (in measures 98-102), fills in an eighth-rest with a lone eighth-note, thus giving each measure a steady eighth-note pulse. Throughout this section, the dynamic gradually drops from forte to pianissimo by means of a poco a poco decrescendo. When the pianissimo is finally reached in measure 105, the retransition to the recapitulation begins, ending on the dominant seventh chord (F) of the original key, B flat Major.
Recapitulation
In measure 108, the beginning of the recapitulation begins just as the beginning of the exposition does—the 2nd violin, viola, and cello sustaining a tonic chord while the 1st violin plays the sunrise motif above it. In measure 135, the allegro con spirito 16th-note section returns in the 1st violin, punctuated by staccato eighth-notes in the other instruments. The 16th-notes trade off to the 2nd violin, culminating in an all-instrument unison in measure 140. After this, the opening theme returns again, with the solo line beginning with the cello and moving up through the viola to the 2nd violin. In measure 151, all strings crescendo to the returning 16th-note theme in measure 152. In measure 162, the staccato eighth-note trade-off section returns, in the tonic key and pianodynamic. A fortissimo appears in measure 172, beginning the lead into the I7 chord fermata. Beginning in the following measure, the viola, and two violins pass each other the opening sunrise motif for a measure at a time, while the remaining instruments sustain chords. The tonic returns in measure 181, with a brief teaser of the staccato eighth-note theme, to be replaced by the 16th-notes played by all instruments in the fortissimo dynamic. In the final three bars, all four instruments play a succession of tonic B flat major chords
Opus 76, No. 5
The Quartet No. 64 in D major, Op. 76, No. 5, is sometimes nicknamed Largo because the second movement with that tempo distinction dominates the quartet both in length and in character. The work consists of four movements:
- I. Allegretto
- II. Largo. Cantabile e mesto
- III. Menuetto. Allegro
- IV. Finale. Presto
The first movement (in D Major, 6/8 time) is not in sonata form, but in a combination of ternary（PDF） and variation form. The second movement, written in F-sharp major in cut time, is in sonata form. The third movement, in D major and D minor, is a standard minuet and trio, while the fourth movement's D Major, cut time Presto is in an irregular sonata form.
Opus 76, No. 6
The Quartet No. 65 in E-flat major, Op. 76, No. 6, consists of four movements:
- I. Allegretto - Allegro
- II. Fantasia. Adagio
- III. Menuetto. Presto
- IV. Finale. Allegro spiritoso
The first movement, written in 2/4 time, is in the strophic（PDF） variation form.
The second movement is a 3/4 time Fantasia written in the key of B major (without accidentals). According to Keller, author of The Great Haydn Quartets, the composer quotes in a different key his own second movement from Op. 76, no. 4 "Sunrise" Quartet. Indeed, the two basic motifs are identical aside from the difference in key signature: the first violin begins on the note of the key in each, goes down a half step, and returns to the original note in both movements, all under a slur in 3/4 time. Additionally, in both pieces, the viola and cello play in slurred succession the notes in the 3rd, 4th, 3rd and 1st, 2nd, 1st scale degrees, respectively. All of this occurs while the 2nd violin holds the 5th scale degree for the duration of the measure.
The third movement is written in an old minuet form in which an Alternativo section replaces the more common trio. The alternativo section is built upon a series of ascending and descending iambic scales.
The finale, in 3/4 time, is in sonata form
Nessun commento:
Posta un commento